Government expenditure and classification in india

Government expenditure and classification in india Classification of Government Expenditure The welfare of the people of India highly depends on the expenditure of the Government of India (GOI). Government expenditure is a very important aspect of the governments budget presented by the finance minister every fiscal. Through it GOI tries to maximise the welfare of the people by appropriately allocating economic resources to various government activities. Government expenditure can be broadly classified into four categories: Functional Classification or Budget Classification: In April 1974, the GOI introduced a new accounting structure in order to serve the requirement of financial control and accountability. Under this structure, a five tier classification has been adopted sectoral, major head, minor head, subhead, and detailed heads of accounts. Sectoral classification has clubbed the government functions into three sectors, namely, General Services, Social and Community Services and Economic services. In the new structure, a major head is assigned to each function and minor head is assigned to each programme. Each minor head include activities or schemes or organizations as subheads. Economic Classification: Economic classification of the government expenditure signifies the way of the allocation of resources to various economic activities. It involves listing the government expenditure by significant economic categories, separating current expenditure from capital expenditure, spending for goods and services from transfers to individuals and institutions, inter-governmental loans from grants etc. This classification provides a record of governments influence in each sector of the economy. Cross Classification or Economic-cum-functional Classification: Cross classification provides the break-up of government expenditure both by economic and by functional heads. For example, expenditure on medical facilities, a functional head, is split as current expenditure, capital expenditure, transfers and loans. Accounting Classification: Accounting classification of the government expenditure can be presented under (i) Revenue and Capital (ii) Developmental and Non-Developmental and (iii) Plan and Non-Plan. Each classification of expenditure has an objective associated with it. For instance, Revenue and Capital expenditure indicates the creation of assets by government expenditure and unproductive expenditure. Further, the developmental and non-developmental classification differentiates the government classification as the expenditure on social and community services and economic service from that against general expenditure. Similarly, the Plan and Non-Plan expenditure represents the expenditure on planned schemes of government and non-plan expenditures. The above classification of the government expenditure serves one or more of the purposes of the government, such as, parliamentary control over expenditure, economic development, price stability etc. Analysis of Government Expenditure in India The chart given below shows the division of government expenditure in terms of capital and revenue expenditure for some selected years. The percentage share of revenue expenditure in government expenditure has increased over time due to increase in expenditure in society welfare. A percentage distribution of the plan and non plan expenditure for a representative year of the post and pre reform period each is provided below: The chart above shows there is a increase in the plan expenditure over a period of a decade from 1989-90 to 2008-09. Sector wise percentage distribution of the composition of the government expenditure is provided in the table below: The growth story of the India can be said in terms of five year plans which give an account of government expenditure during the plans. The first five year plan (1951-56) laid emphasis on agriculture, including irrigation and power, wherein the government had spent 36% of its subject on these heads. The second five year plan (1956-61) marks the foray towards industrialization with an increased government spending in transport and communication sector with an contribution of 28.9% of its expenditure. The urge for industrialization continues even during the third five year pan (1961-66) with 24% and 20% public spending on Industry Minerals, and Transport and Communication respectively. Fourth to seventh five year plans have social services of education, health, welfare sharing a majority of the pie with 24% and 26% expenditure in fourth and fifth plan. The eight five year plan (1992-97) commenced the era of fiscal reform and liberalization. There were increased efforts to improve the economic growth and quality of life of the common man. There were high public spending on the sectors like energy (26.6%), Transportation and communication (20.8%) and Social and other services (19.6%). The Ninth five year plan (1997-2002) focussed on the development of infrastructure by allocating 72% of the funds to irrigation, energy, transport and communication and social service. The tenth five year had an objective of atleast 8% growth rate by providing a boast to power sector spending (26.56%) and increasing social Community services sector spending to 29.27%. COMPARISON OF INFLATION BASED ON CPI AND WPI Consumer Price Index (CPI), is defined as the weighted average change over time in the prices of a basket of the good and services consumed by a consumer. While, Wholesale Price Index is defined as the weighted average change over time in the price of a basket of wholesale goods. Inflation rate is calculated based on the CPI and WPI as the percentage in the respective indices over time, generally a year. The calculation of inflation rates based on CPI and WPI form 1994-95 to 2006-07 is given in the table provided below: WPI WPI Inflation rate CPI IW CPI- IW Food CPI-IW Inflation rate Food Inflation rate WPI inflation rate CPI Inflation rate 1994-95 112.6 12.6 284 304 10.1 11.8 2.5 1995-96 121.6 8.0 313 337 10.2 10.9 -2.2 1996-97 127.2 4.6 342 369 9.3 9.5 -4.7 1997-98 132.8 4.4 366 388 7.0 5.1 -2.6 1998-99 140.7 5.9 414 445 13.1 14.7 -7.2 1999-00 145.3 3.3 428 446 3.4 0.2 -0.1 2000-01 155.7 7.2 444 453 3.7 1.6 3.4 2001-02 161.3 3.6 463 466 4.3 2.9 -0.7 2002-03 166.8 3.4 482 477 4.1 2.4 -0.7 2003-04 175.9 5.5 500 495 3.7 3.8 1.7 2004-05 187.3 6.5 520 506 4.0 2.2 2.5 2005-06 195.5 4.4 542 527 4.2 4.2 0.1 2006-07 206.1 5.4 579 575 6.8 9.1 -1.4 Base Year for WPI is 1993-94 Base Year for CPI for 1994-95 and 1995-96 is 1982 and from 1996-97 onward it is 1986-87 CPI and WPI differ in terms of their weights assigned to their respective constituent basket goods and services. Food has been assigned a higher weight in CPI (46% in CPI-IW) as compared to a weight of only 27% in WPI. As a result, the CPI changes more with the change in the food process as compared to the WPI. Further, the fuel group has a much lower weight in CPI (7% on an average) relative to that in the WPI (14.2%). Consequently, the variations in international crude process affect the WPI more than CPI. Also, services are not included under WPI, but are included in the CPI to different extents. Hence, the CPIs are influenced by the service price inflation. Considering the data provided in the table above, it can be inferred that on an average CPI-IW inflation is higher than that of WPI inflation. Also, in terms of WPI inflation the period from 1994-95 to 1995-94 was of higher inflation, then the inflation decreases and increases again in 2000-01 and then decreases again. It can be seen that the inflation rate, both CPI inflation and WPI inflation, follows a cyclic pattern.

Barrie Jean Borich’s Restoring the Color of Roses :: Barrie jean Borich Restoring Color Roses

Barrie Jean Borich’s Restoring the Color of Roses An unstable family environment can shape the way a girl is brought up a great deal. The way her family treats her and reacts to her helps her develop her attitude for and her outlook on the rest of her life. In Barrie Jean Borich’s Restoring the Color of Roses, she presents the reader with a somewhat unstable and sometimes scary family situation. Through her narrative, Borich proves that this type of environment is destructive for a growing girl. With most of her family, Barrie is unable to be her true self. Her mother is not comfortable with Barrie’s lesbianism. In Slouching towards Chicago, Barrie has a conversation with her mother that reveals her mother’s attitude towards her sexuality. Her mother asks her if she’d ever â€Å"do things† with women (21). Barrie’s internal response to this question was, â€Å"And now the implications are clear. Not only will I do it, I will be it. And this is what I didn’t get before. People are going to hate me for this† (21). She can not be completely comfortable with who she is because she does not exist in a supportive family environment. She feels people are going to hate her for her homosexuality. This type of family situation is detrimental to the development of a growing girl. Another aspect of Barrie’s family life that is destructive towards her development is the issue of self confidence and body image. In A Body’s Documentary, moments appear where Barrie’s self image is damaged by her family. One such occasion is when her father got angry and broke a plate because Barrie â€Å"never talk[ed]† and was just like her mother, resulting in Barrie questioning her features and becoming extra self-conscious of them (38). Immediately following that incident, Barrie talks about preparing for picture day: â€Å"On picture day I could not find an outfit that would make my body disappear, but in the back row, at least, my sausage thighs could hide. I could only pray my nose would shrink beneath the crown of my new bangs† (38). She has a very negative opinion of herself. Obviously this self confidence issue stems directly from her father’s comments. Barrie’s mother also shares some of the responsibility f or Barrie’s self esteem.

Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Climate Change, Greenhouse Gase

Global Warming Global warming is the progressive gradual rise of the earth's surface temperature thought to be caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect and responsible for changes in global climate patterns. The greenhouse effect is a term used to describe the roles of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases in keeping the Earth's surface warmer than it would be otherwise. These "radiatively active" gases are relatively transparent to incoming shortwave radiation, but are relatively opaque to outgoing longwave radiation. The latter radiation, which would otherwise escape to space, is trapped by these gases within the lower levels of the atmosphere. The subsequent reradiation of some of the energy back to the surface maintains surface temperatures higher than they would be if the gases were absent. There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, (the carbon dioxide emissions are primarily caused by the use of fossil fuels for energy) methane, and manmade chlorofluorocarbons, may enhance the greenhouse effect (this is called the enhanced greenhouse effect) and cause global warming. There are several important factors that have caused the increase in greenhouse gases over the past 200 years. Fossil fuels - coal, oil and natural gas - contain carbon. When they are burnt as a source of energy, they release carb on dioxide. The global demand for energy, primarily from fossil fuels, has grown to an average annual rate of approximately two per cent for almost two centuries - although the demand for energy varies considerably over time and among different regions. The burning of fossil fuels on a global scale produces around 20 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. About half of these emissions are absorbed by oceans and plants. The rest stays in the atmosphere. Deforestation also contributes to increases in carbon dioxide, although on a much smaller scale, through the burning and decaying of vegetation. The reduction in vegetation also means that there are fewer plants to absorb the gas. Methane has various sources including herbivorous animals such as sheep and cattle that release it as a byproduct of digestion, rice paddies, land fills and forest fires. It can also enter the atmosphere from natural gas fields and coal mines. There are various sources of nitrous oxide including the use of fertili... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We as a world community need to seriously do something drastic to slow down the process of global warming, otherwise we may find ourselves in a situation where we can't turn back the hands of time and we're suffering because of Global warming. We need to make sure that future generations can live a happy and uncomplicated life; they shouldn't have to suffer from the impacts of Global warming that we (the current generation) have mostly caused. BIBLIOGRAPHY: - Macmillan Senior Geography 1 textbook. â€Å"Bush Administration Launches Historic Federal Climate Change Initiatives†. US Climate Change Science Program. (Accessed 23 Nov 2006) . â€Å"Executive Summary – Climate Change†. The White House. (Accessed 23 Nov 2006) http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/climatechange.html>. â€Å"The Kyoto Protocol†. Matthews, J. EGEE 101 Lesson 10 Online Course Content. (Accessed 23 Nov 2006). . â€Å"Overview: The Need for the Best Available Science to Address Global Climate Change Issues†. 24 July 2003. http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/vision/overview.htm>.

Symmetrical Communication Essay -- Business, Win-Win Solutions

Introduction This essay will argue for an extended role for dialogue and relational communication in public relations practice. The rhetorical turn that public relations has taken over the last ten years as well as the expanded role that public relations practitioners need to play as organizational counsellors is discussed. Several case studies are examined and used to support the arguments for an expanded role of public relations advocacy and management. Body Effective definition of symmetrical communication Grunig and Hunt (1984) defined symmetrical communication as† the management of communication between organizations and its publics† (p. 6). Symmetrical communication is interactive behaviour in which two or more systems construct thoughts and attitudes together so that they behave in ways that are either â€Å"collaborative or symbiotic† (Grunig, 1989. P. 13). Explanation of symmetrical communication The symmetrical communication is important because it concerns the degree to which the organization adapts to or cooperates with its environment (Grunig 1984). The purpose of symmetrical communication is to adjust the relationship between the organization and its environment. With symmetrical communication publics can change organization and organization can change publics. This form of external communication can form and improve relationships because it involves â€Å"creating a sense of openness, trust, and understanding between the organization and the key public, as well as a willingness to negotiate, collaborate, and mediate solutions to issues of concern to both the organization and critical publics† (Bruning &Ledingam 1999: 158). Symmetrical communication serves as a tool for negotiation and compromise, a... ...s, 1990). The communication style of organizational members (such as grocery store cashiers) can affect the attitudes of persons outside of the organization. If the effect is positive, those persons become more willing to tell others about the service, such as recommending a grocery store. Even though the service is courteous, however, customers are not significantly more likely to do other favours, such as purchase more products (Ford, 1995). In remember that organizations attempt to assimilate into the values, institutions, and expectations of society at large. Organizations attempt to get people who are not its members to support its goals, whether to buy products, donate funds, support public education, or whatever. Organizations are not likely to last long if they attempt to stand alone and are ignorant of or unresponsive to their environment. Symmetrical Communication Essay -- Business, Win-Win Solutions Introduction This essay will argue for an extended role for dialogue and relational communication in public relations practice. The rhetorical turn that public relations has taken over the last ten years as well as the expanded role that public relations practitioners need to play as organizational counsellors is discussed. Several case studies are examined and used to support the arguments for an expanded role of public relations advocacy and management. Body Effective definition of symmetrical communication Grunig and Hunt (1984) defined symmetrical communication as† the management of communication between organizations and its publics† (p. 6). Symmetrical communication is interactive behaviour in which two or more systems construct thoughts and attitudes together so that they behave in ways that are either â€Å"collaborative or symbiotic† (Grunig, 1989. P. 13). Explanation of symmetrical communication The symmetrical communication is important because it concerns the degree to which the organization adapts to or cooperates with its environment (Grunig 1984). The purpose of symmetrical communication is to adjust the relationship between the organization and its environment. With symmetrical communication publics can change organization and organization can change publics. This form of external communication can form and improve relationships because it involves â€Å"creating a sense of openness, trust, and understanding between the organization and the key public, as well as a willingness to negotiate, collaborate, and mediate solutions to issues of concern to both the organization and critical publics† (Bruning &Ledingam 1999: 158). Symmetrical communication serves as a tool for negotiation and compromise, a... ...s, 1990). The communication style of organizational members (such as grocery store cashiers) can affect the attitudes of persons outside of the organization. If the effect is positive, those persons become more willing to tell others about the service, such as recommending a grocery store. Even though the service is courteous, however, customers are not significantly more likely to do other favours, such as purchase more products (Ford, 1995). In remember that organizations attempt to assimilate into the values, institutions, and expectations of society at large. Organizations attempt to get people who are not its members to support its goals, whether to buy products, donate funds, support public education, or whatever. Organizations are not likely to last long if they attempt to stand alone and are ignorant of or unresponsive to their environment.

Big Bazaar Report

INTRODUCTION Big bazaar is a hyper market chain owned by the Pantaloons Retail India Limited, with currently more than 50 outlets in metros, medium, and small cities. Big Bazaar combines the look and feel of Indian bazaars with aspect of modern retail like choice, convenience, and hygiene. It works on the same economy model like Wal Mart, and has had considerable success in many Indian cities and small towns. The idea was pioneered by entrepreneur Kishore Biyani, the head of Pantaloons Retail India Limited. Big Bazaar is not just another hyper market, it caters to every need of your family.Where Big Bazaar scores over other stores is its value for money proposition for the Indian customers . At Big Bazaar, you will definitely get the best products at the best prices – That is what they guarantee. With the ever increasing array of private labels, it has opened the doors into the world of fashion and general merchandise including home furnishings, utensils, crockery, cutlery, sp orts goods and much more at prices that will surprise you. And this is just the beginning. Big Bazaar plans to add much more to complete your shopping experience. Living up to its motto of   Isse sasta aur accha kahin nahi† All products in Big Bazaar will be available at prices lower than the MRP, often up to 60% discount. In addition to this, various offers, discounts and promotions will be regularly held at the store. The consumer will experience a new level of standard in price, convenience and comfort, quality, quantity, and store service levels. BIG BAZAAR in its true hyper market model will offer all of the above for both leading brands and also for its private labels. There are many types of retail format available in India like grocery store to mall.They have different types of market for the business. Among of all this format of retail big bazaar is the successful retail format in Indian retail industry. In past Indian customer only familiar with the nearby convince store but day to day innovation and customer awareness. Now in a day’s customer are more aware about shopping. Kishor biyani create a bench mark in Indian retail industry by entering in Indian retail business. Big bazaar is one of them format of future group. Big bazaar deal with all kind of human being products starting from children to adult.Products are selling by the big bazaar like Grocery, plastic, electronics, apparels, footwear, food etc. Mainly these sections are there in big bazaar: * Food Bazaar: Different departments Of Food Bazaar are as follow: * Vegetable * Chill Station * Golden Harvest * Head To Toe * Fruit * Ready To Eat * General Merchandise In General Merchandise Department different departments are as follow: * Crockery * Plastic * Utensil * Home leanon * Electronics * Depot * Stationery * Mobile * Apparels In Apparels Department different departments are as follows: * Footwear * Mans and ladies accessories Toys * Kid’s ware * Men’s ware * Ladies ware * Imitation jewellery The heart of the big bazaar is its ware house. Operation is start from the ware house. It is very important part of entire big bazaar process. â€Å"Is se sasta aur accha kahin nahi† punch line of the big bazaar suggest itself that good quality at lowest price products are sell by the big bazaar There are 89 BIG BAZAAR are available in india. Big Bazaar is not just another hypermarket. It caters to every need of your family. Where Big Bazaar scores over other stores is its value for money proposition for the Indian customers.At Big Bazaar, you will definitely get the best products at the best prices – that’s what they guarantee. With the ever increasing array of private labels, it has opened the doors into the world of fashion and general merchandise including home furnishings, utensils, crockery, cutlery, sports goods and much more as mentioned above at prices that will surprise you. And this is just the beginning. Big Bazaar p lans are to add much more to complete your shopping experience. TIMELINE 2001 Three Big Bazaar stores launched within a span of 22 days in Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad. 2002Big Bazaar – ICICI Bank Card is launched. Food Bazaar becomes part of Big Bazaar with the launch of the first store in Mumbai at High Street Phoenix. 2003 Big Bazaar enters Tier II cities with the launch of the store in Nagpur. Big Bazaar welcomes its 10 million-th customer at its new store in Gurgaon. 2004 Big Bazaar wins its first award and national recognition. Big Bazaar and Food Bazaar awarded the country’s most admired retailer award in value retailing and Food retailing segment at the India Retail Forum. A day before Diwali, the store at Lower Parel becomes the first to touch `. 10million turnovers on a single day. 005 Initiates the implementation of SAP and pilots a RFID project at its central warehouse in Tarapur. Launches a unique shopping program: the Big Bazaar Exchange Offer, inviti ng customers to exchange household junk at Big Bazaar. Electronic Bazaar and Furniture Bazaar are launched. 2006 Mohan Jadhav sets a national record at Big Bazaar Sangli with a `. 1,37,367 shopping bill. The Sangli farmer becomes Big Bazaar’s largest ever customer. Big Bazaar launches Shakti, India’s first credit card program tailored for   housewives. Navaras–  the jewellery store launched within Big Bazaar stores. 007 The 50th Big Bazaar store is launched in Kanpur. Big Bazaar partners with Futurebazaar. com to launch India's most popular shopping portal. Big Bazaar initiates the Power of One campaign to help raise funds for the Save the Children India Fund. Pantaloon Retail wins the International Retailer of the Year at US-based National Retail Federation convention in New York and Emerging Retailer of the Year award at the World Retail Congress held in Barcelona. 2008 Big Bazaar becomes the fastest growing hypermarket format in the world with the launch of its 101st store within 7 years of launch.Big Bazaar dons a new look with a fresh new section, Fashion @ Big Bazaar. Big Bazaar joins the league of India’s Business Super brands. It is voted among the top ten service brands in the country in the latest Pitch-IMRB international survey. 2009 Big Bazaar initiates Maha Annasantarpane program at its stores in South India,   a unique initiative to offer meals to visitors and support local social organizations. Big Bazaar captures almost one-third share in food and grocery products sold through modern retail in India. 2010Future Value Retail Limited is formed as a specialized subsidiary to spearhead the Group’s value retail business through Big Bazaar, Food Bazaar and other formats. Big Bazaar wins CNBC Awaaz Consumer Awards for the third consecutive year. Adjudged the most preferred Most Preferred Multi Brand Food ; Beverage Chain, Most Preferred Multi Brand Retail Outlet and Most Preferred Multi Brand One Stop Shop. Big Bazaar connects over 30,000 small and medium Indian manufacturers and entrepreneurs with around 200 million customers visiting its stores. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AT BIG BAZAARBIG BAZAAR MANIFESTO (Future Group) â€Å"Future† – the word which signifies optimism, growth, achievement, strength, beauty, rewards and perfection. Future encourages us to explore areas yet unexplored, write rules yet unwritten; create new opportunities and new successes. To strive for a glorious future brings to us our strength, our ability to learn, unlearn and re-learn, our ability to evolve. In Future Group will not wait for the Future to unfold itself but create future scenarios in the consumer space and facilitate consumption because consumption is development.Thereby, it will effect socio-economic development for our customers, employees, shareholders, associates and partners. Group vision Future Group shall deliver Everything, Everywhere, Every time for Every Indian Consumer in the mo st profitable manner. Group mission They share the vision and belief that their customers and stakeholders shall be served only by creating and executing future scenarios in the consumption space leading to economic development. They are infusing Indian brands with confidence and renewed ambition. They are efficient, cost- conscious and committed to quality in whatever they do.They ensure that their positive attitude, sincerity, humility and united determination shall be the driving force to make us successful. RECENT CHANGE IN RETAIL SECTOR March 21, 2013, ET The government plans to significantly liberalize Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) norms for single-brand retail to attract big bucks into the sector. The Finance ministry has asked the Department of Industrial policy and Promotion (DIPP) to amend the policy to allow single-brand retailers to bring different brands belonging to the same product line under one company.It has also asked DIPP – the government department that frames foreign investment rules in the country – to allow these retailers to sell different brands in the same store. A government official said the wordings of the present guidelines prevent, for example, a foreign high-street retailer from selling men's and women's clothes in the same store if their brand names are different. Moreover, the retailer needs to submit two different proposals under two different companies if it wants to sell both men's and women's apparel. If the same owner has an identical product line under a different brand name, why should he be required to set up a different company,† said a government official privy to the thinking of the finance ministry. The Foreign Investment Promotion Board, or FIPB, the inter-ministerial body that approves FDI proposals in the country, has received 63 proposals from single-brand retailers after FDI was allowed in the sector. While the rush of applications clearly signals the interest of foreign investors in the sector, most retailers want the policy to clearly allow them to sell their different brands in the same store. Any policy has to have that dynamism to address the requirements of the changing business requirement,† said the official quoted earlier. Independent experts welcomed the government rethink on the issue. â€Å"Ownership of several brands by an investor does not make it a multi-brand retailer†¦ The requirement to have separate companies for each brand merely creates incremental compliance and inefficiency of operations through multiple companies,† said Akash Gupt, executive director, PricewaterhouseCoopers.Several retailers such as Gap and Louis vuitto own multiple brands under a single company or investment group. Gap Inc. owns the Old Navy, Banana Republic, Piper lime and Athleta apparel brands besides the flagship Gap brand. Similarly, Louis Vuitton owns Fendi and Labelux owns Jimmy Choo and Belle. The government raised the FDI limit in single-brand ret ail to 100% in January 2012. The single-brand investment norms have already been tweaked once after Swedish furnishing major IKEA sought several changes while proposing its `. 0,000-crore investment. DDIP did away with the mandatory 30% sourcing requirement from small industries and also said the brand need not be owned by the investing company. Any entity with a valid agreement to sell the brand in India could seek a license under the policy. The government is keen to attract FDI as it will help it bridge the large current account deficit, and is taking measures to make the regime friendlier for foreign investors. It has decided to review and possibly abolish FDI caps in many sectors. FUTURE PLANS MUMBAI:Retail baron Kishor Biyani K Radhakrishnan has handpicked to drive a massive scale-up of his neighborhood stores chain KB's Fair Price, which he hopes will be as influential as Big Bazaar in a couple of years. Radhakrishnan, 54, who has been Future Fresh Food president, will now ta ke over as the CEO of KB's Fair Price, which plans to open more than 1,000 outlets in the next two years in Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore, up from around 200 stores at present. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES * To study the services of Big Bazar. * To know the customers satisfaction level. * To know the expectation of customers.

The Effects of Caffeine on the Human Body

How does Caffeine affect the human body? Caffeine is the world’s most popular drug (Spiller, 1998), and can be found in over 60 species of plants throughout the world. Consumption of caffeine comes from cola, coffee, cocoa, tea, some medications and so much more. In this paper I will describe the effects of caffeine on the human body, from the health risks to how it can help your body; here are just some of the ways caffeine affects the human body both physically and psychologically.First of all, caffeine has been shown to lead to a loss of minerals found in bones, which eventually will cause osteoporosis, a disease that is characterized by very weak and brittle bones (Liddell, 2011). According to Spiller (1998), â€Å"caffeine intake equivalent to 2 or more cups a day was associated with a significantly increased hip fracture risk in woman† (p. 351). This is because caffeine decreases the ability of your body to absorb calcium by a small amount.To maintain a proper bon e density and drink caffeine regularly, it is important to â€Å"aim for three or four daily servings of calcium-rich foods such as milk, cheese and yogurt† (Liddell, 2011). Caffeine has many Psychological symptoms linked to it as well, such as addiction because caffeine is labeled as a stimulant so overtime people can become addicted to it (Martinez, 2010). Surprisingly you can become physically dependent on caffeine with only taking in doses as low as 100 mg a day (Gaskins, 1998), this is equivalent to 1 cup of coffee or 2 sodas!Also just like any other drug you can become addicted to, â€Å"people who are addicted to caffeine will experience withdrawal symptoms when they don't have enough in their system† Running head: Caffeine and the human body (Martinez, 2010). Other psychological symptoms that correlate to excessive caffeine ingestion are increased anxiety for those who already have anxiety and sleep disorders such as insomnia. On the other hand caffeine is not all bad for the human body, it has been shown to protect against Parkinson’s disease and depression, as well as preventing cognitive decline in elderly women (Anitei, 2007).Also evidence suggests that consuming moderate amounts of caffeine could help prevent diabetes, certain cancers and liver disease (Bartlett, 2011). Another way caffeine is beneficial is because it helps athletes significantly improve their endurance during explosive exercises such as sprinting or jumping. According to Bartlett (2011), â€Å"Consuming between 140 to 400 mg of caffeine before exercising can increase your endurance and overall exercise performance. † Overall, caffeine is the most popular drug and can be both harmful and beneficial to the human body.It can make your bones brittle, but it can also help boost your metabolism and fight certain diseases. Caffeine just like most things is good in moderation, and as long as you make sure to get enough calcium and nutrients it should have no l asting effects on your body.References Anitei, S. A. (2007). Top 15 effects that coffee has on your health. Retrieved from: http://news. softpedia. com/news/Top-14-Coffee-Effects-on-Your-Health-70537. shtml Liddell, A. L. (2011). The effects of caffeine on bone density. Retrieved from: http://www. livestrong. om/article/326827-the-effects-of-caffeine-on-bone-density/ Martinez, E. L. (2010). Harmful psychological effects of caffeine. Retrieved from: http://www. livestrong. com/article/325109-harmful-psychological-effects-of-caffeine/ Spiller, G. S. (1998). Caffeine. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Gaskins, P. (1998, Caffeine is addictive. Scholastic Choices, 14, 7-7. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/208801684? accountid=36304 Bartlett, M. B. (2011). Pros of caffeine. Retrieved from http://www. livestrong. com/article/501876-pros-of-caffeine/

Employment contract Essay

To raise a grievance at work the first step would be to talk to your line manager, explain the situation and see if the problem can be solved informally. If, however, the grievance cannot be resolved informally then the issue can be raised formally using the following procedure: Stage 1 Employees may request in writing a formal meeting with the line manager to state the grievance. Where the issue involves the line manager, this request should be made to the manager’s manager (area manager). Grievances should be made as soon as possible and in any event within 3 months of the issue complained about taking place. A hearing will be arranged, normally within 10 working days, for the employee to discuss the issue with the manager. A decision will be made once the matter has been fully investigated and the manager will communicate their response in writing within 5 working days. This should include details of the employee’s right to appeal. Stage 2 If the employee is dissatisfied with the decision then they have received in stage 1 then they can take their grievance further and request in writing a formal meeting under stage 2 of the grievance procedure. This will be conducted by a manager other than the manager that carried out the stage 1 meeting. The employee will receive the decision of this hearing in writing within 5 working days. Stage 3 If the employee is still dissatisfied with the decision then they may appeal in writing to the Chief Executive of the Trust within 10 working days of receipt of the stage 2 decision. A further meeting will take place and the decision will be confirmed in writing within 5 working days of the hearing. The decision at stage 3 of the procedure is final, in so far as the Trusts internal procedures are concerned. Bv 1. Data Protection All confidential information should be kept secure by employees in order to protect customers and their families. Confidential information (e.g. customer support plans, support notes and medication administration forms) must not be left in a place where non-authorised individuals may view it. Data should not be passed on to anyone without the consent of the customer or their next of kin. 2. Grievance Any grievances should be reported to the line manager to try to resolve the issue informally. If, however, it is not resolved at this level then there is a grievance procedure in place which enables employees to pursue the matter formally. 3. Conflict Management If employees have a problem with another member of staff and it cannot be resolved between themselves then they should contact their line manager for assistance with resolving the issue. If the conflict involves the line manager or if the employee feels that they are not receiving adequate support then they should report to the area manager. 4. Anti-discriminatory Practice All employees are expected to act with dignity and respect towards each person’s individual beliefs and identity. Customers, accessing Oaklea care and support services, should not be treated less favourably based on their; age, sex, disability, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation, marital status or pregnancy/maternity or gender. 5. Health & Safety All employees have personal responsibility in ensuring their own and others health, safety, and welfare at work. We are required to read and apply organisational policies and procedures regarding health and safety, undertake necessary training, wear personal protective equipment (PPE) provided, use safety equipment and safety devices where required and report any hazardous conditions to the line manager or Health and Safety Officer. 6. Confidentiality All information concerning customers and/or their families must be treated  with the upmost respect and all employees have an obligation to protect this information. Confidential information must not be disclosed to a third party either formally or informally (gossip). The sharing of information may be necessary for continuation of good care and support of customers (e.g. between other employees or professions). If employees are asked to disclose information about a customer and are concerned that doing so may breach confidentiality then clarification should be sought via the line manager. 7. Whistle blowing If employees need to raise concern about a risk, malpractice or wrongdoing that affects others such as customers, other staff members, the company or the public then the company’s whistleblowing procedure should be followed. The first stage of this procedure would be to raise concerns with the employee’s line manager either in writing or through a meeting. If the issue involves the line manager or if the employee has already raised their ~@ ?U: concerns with the line manager and feel that they have not been adequately addressed then the second stage of the procedure should be followed. At this stage, issues may be raised either in writing or through a meeting with a Director. If stage 2 has been undertaken and the employees concerns are unresolved or if they feel that the matter is so serious that it should be investigated by the Chief Executive immediately then concerns should be raised either in writing or via a meeting. Any employee raising concerns under the whistleblowing procedure has the right to remain anonymous. Bvi As a Community Home Carer, my role is to provide individualized care and support to people with social care needs so that they may continue to live in their homes and in the community. A care plan is in place for each customer that explains their specific needs and what care they require from us. My duties/responsibilities may include: Assisting customers with washing, bathing, personal hygiene, dressing, toileting, continence and catheter care. Meal and drink preparation and help with feeding where necessary. Helping customers to comply with their prescribed medication and fill out Medication Administration Records (MAR). Supporting customers  with cleaning, laundry, shopping and other household duties as required. Helping customers with mobility skills, transferring them safely where required (e.g. from bed to chair) and helping them to use aids and personal equipment. Providing end of life care. Documenting the care given at each visit in the Daily Support Notes (DSN). Liaising with other carers and health care professionals to ensure continuity of care. By carrying out these duties to a high standard and conforming to all policies, procedures and guidelines, customers will receive a quality service that will help them to maintain as much independence as possible in a safe environment within their own homes. The safeguarding carried out by carers is essential in protecting the health, wellbeing and human rights of vulnerable adults, and ensures that they live free from harm, abuse and neglect. It is our duty to report any safeguarding concerns to the appropriate person(s) so that action may be taken to protect the wellbeing of service users. Bvii a) Following best practice within my work role helps to safeguard vulnerable adults living in the community and ensures that they receive a quality service that promotes health and wellbeing. It is important that I stay within my job role, follow policies and procedures, keep up to date with changes in policies and legislation and keep up to date with training to develop my skills in the workplace. It is also important to work as part of a team, passing on skills where necessary (e.g. to new staff members) and gaining feedback from colleagues. Good communication skills are essential between team members and other professions involved in the care of the service user as this enables continuity of care. b) Failing to carry out the requirements of my role by not following policies, procedures and legislation and not complying with regulatory bodies endangers the health and wellbeing of service users and may put other team members at risk. Not following manual handling procedures, for example, would put me and the service user at risk of injury and not wearing personal protective equipment  when necessary may put me and others at risk of infection. Poor practice may also result in complaints from service users, disciplinary action and in severe cases it may lead to me losing my job, being prosecuted and/or prevented from working in the health and social care setting. Bviii As a Community Home Carer I must follow best practice within my work role and work to the company policies and procedures that mirror laws and legislation. There are also external factors which influence the standards that I must adhere to in my work such as the Care Quality Commission (CQC) essential standards, Skills for Care’s Common Induction Standards (CIS) which are the standards people working in health social care need to meet before they can safely work unsupervised (e.g. manual handling, first aid, health and safety training), the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) codes of practice and ADASS’ ‘Safeguarding Adults: A National Framework of Standards for good practice and outcomes in adult protection work’, which sets out a framework of best practice standards. Government initiatives also have an influence on the roles of carers such as ‘Our Care, Our Health Our Say’ which sets out policy goals to make health and social care ser vices that are designed around the patient rather than the needs of the patient being forced to fit around the service already provided. ‘Putting People First’ also aims for a personalised approach to the delivery of adult social care. Bix a) Two different representative bodies which influence my area of work are the care quality commission and the health and care professions council. b) The role of the care quality commission (CQC) is to regulate, inspect and review all adult health and social care services in the public, private and voluntary sectors in England and make sure that they are meeting national standards. These services include hospitals, care homes, GPs, dentists and services in the home (e.g. home carers). The Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) are a regulatory body set up to protect the public by keeping a register of health and care professionals that meet their standards for training, professional skills, behaviour and health. If professionals fail  to meet these standards then they may be removed from the register and prevented from practicing. The HCPC replaced the General Social Care Council (GSCC) which was abolished in 2012.